Fructus geedaha Amomi Saliida duugista Dabiiciga ah Diffusers 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum Saliida muhiimka ah

Geedaha Fructus Amomi Saliida duugista Dabiiciga ah Diffusers 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum Saliida Muhiimka ah Sawirka

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Qoyska Zingiberaceae ayaa soo jiitay dareenka sii kordhaya ee cilmi-baarista allelopathic sababtoo ah saliidaha firfircoon ee hodanka ah iyo caraf udgoonka noocyada xubnaha. Cilmi-baaris hore ayaa muujisay in kiimikooyinka laga helo Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary)40], Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BLBurtt & RMSm. [41] iyo Zingiber officinale Rosc. [42] qoyska sinjibiilku waxay saameyn ku yeelata biqilka abuurka iyo korriinka abuurka galleyda, salaar iyo yaanyada. Daraasaddeenna hadda waa warbixintii ugu horreysay ee ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa allelopathic ee isbeddellada ka imanaya jirridda, caleemaha, iyo miraha yaryar ee A. villosum (xubin ka tirsan qoyska Zingiberaceae). Wax-soo-saarka saliidda jirridda, caleemaha, iyo miraha yaryar waxay ahayd 0.15%, 0.40%, iyo 0.50%, siday u kala horreeyaan, taas oo muujinaysa in miraha ay soo saareen xaddi ka badan saliidaha kacsan marka loo eego afkoda iyo caleemaha. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee saliidaha kacsan ee afkoda waxay ahaayeen β-pinene, β-phelandrene iyo α-pinene, taas oo ahayd qaab la mid ah kiimikooyinka waaweyn ee saliidda caleenta, β-pinene iyo α-pinene (monoterpene hydrocarbons). Dhanka kale, saliidda ku jirta miraha yaryar waxay qani ku ahayd bornyl acetate iyo camphor (oxygenated monoterpenes). Natiijooyinka waxaa taageeray natiijooyinka Do N Dai [30,32iyo Hui Ao31] kuwaas oo aqoonsaday saliidaha xubnaha kala duwan ee A. villosum.

Waxaa jiray warbixino dhowr ah oo ku saabsan waxqabadka ka hortagga koritaanka dhirta ee xeryahooda muhiimka ah ee noocyada kale. Shalinder Kaur waxay ogaatay in α-pinene oo ka soo jeeda eucalyptus ay si muuqata u xakamaysay dhererka xididka iyo dhererka Amaranthus viridis L. ee 1.0 μL43[2], iyo daraasad kale ayaa muujisay in α-pinene ay joojisay koritaanka xididdada hore waxayna sababtay dhaawaca oksijiinta ee unugyada xididka iyada oo loo marayo kororka noocyada oksijiinta falcelinta [44]. Warbixinnada qaar ayaa ku dooday in β-pinene ay joojisay biqilka iyo korriinka abuurka haramaha tijaabada qaab jawaab celin-ku-tiirsane ah iyada oo carqaladaynaysa daacadnimada xuubka.45], beddelidda biochemistry-ga dhirta iyo kor u qaadida hawlaha peroxidases iyo polyphenol oxidases.46]. β-Phellandrene waxay muujisay xannibaadda ugu badan ee biqilka iyo korriinka Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp oo ah fiirsashada 600 ppm.47], halka, marka la eego 250 mg / m3, camphor waxay xakamaysay radicle iyo toogashada koritaanka Lepidium sativum L.48]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-baarista ka warbixinta saameynta allelopathic ee bornyl acetate waa mid yar. Daraasaddeena, saamaynta allelopathic ee β-pinene, bornyl acetate iyo camphor ee dhererka xididku way daciifeen marka loo eego saliidaha kacsan marka laga reebo α-pinene, halka saliidda caleenta, oo hodan ku ah α-pinene, ay sidoo kale ka badan tahay phytotoxic marka loo eego isbeddelka u dhigma. saliidaha ka soo baxa afkoda iyo miraha A. villosum, labaduba waxay muujinayaan in α-pinene laga yaabo inay tahay kiimikooyinka muhiimka ah ee allelopathy ee noocyadan. Isla mar ahaantaana, natiijadu waxay sidoo kale ka dhigan tahay in qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda saliidda miraha ah ee aan badnayn ay gacan ka geysan karaan soo saarista saameynta phytotoxic, helitaanka taas oo u baahan cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah mustaqbalka.

Xaaladaha caadiga ah, saameynta allelopatique ee allelochemicals waa nooc-gaar ah. Jiang iyo al. Waxaa la ogaaday in saliidda muhiimka ah ee ay soo saartay Artemisia sieversiana ay saameyn xooggan ku yeelatay Amaranthus retroflexus L. marka loo eego Medicago sativa L., Poa annua L., iyo Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. [49]. Daraasad kale, saliidda kacsan ee Lavandula angustifolia Mill. soo saaray heerar kala duwan ee saamaynta phytotoxic on noocyada kala duwan ee dhirta. Lolium multiflorum Lam. wuxuu ahaa nooca aqbalaada ugu xasaasisan, hypocotyl iyo koritaanka xagjirka ah ayaa la joojiyay 87.8% iyo 76.7%, siday u kala horreeyaan, qiyaasta 1 μL / mL saliidda, laakiin koritaanka hypocotyl ee geedo qajaar ah ayaa si dhib yar loo saameeyay.20]. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay kaloo muujiyeen in uu jiro farqi u dhexeeya dareenka A. villosum volatiles ee u dhexeeya L. sativa iyo L. perenne.

Iskudhisyada isbedbeddelaya iyo saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee isku nooc ah way kala duwanaan karaan tiro ahaan iyo/ama tayo ahaan sababtoo ah xaaladaha koritaanka, qaybaha dhirta iyo hababka ogaanshaha. Tusaale ahaan, warbixintu waxay muujisay in pyranoid (10.3%) iyo β-caryophyllene (6.6%) ay ahaayeen xeryahooda ugu waaweyn ee isbeddellada ka soo baxa caleemaha Sambucus nigra, halka benzaldehyde (17.8%), α-bulnesene (16.6%) iyo tetracosane. (11.5%) waxay ku badnaayeen saliidaha laga soo saaro caleemaha [50]. Daraasaddeenna, xeryahooda isbeddelka ah ee ay sii daayaan qalabka cusub ee dhirta ayaa saameyn xooggan ku yeeshay dhirta tijaabada ah marka loo eego saliidaha kacsan ee la soo saaray, kala duwanaanshaha jawaab-celinta waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa kala duwanaanshaha allelochemicals ee ku jira labada diyaargarow. Farqiga saxda ah ee u dhexeeya xeryahooda kacsan iyo saliidaha ayaa u baahan in lagu sii baaro tijaabooyinka xiga.

Farqiga u dhexeeya kala duwanaanshaha microbial iyo qaab dhismeedka bulshada microbial ee muunado ciidda in taas oo saliidaha kacsan ayaa lagu daray la xiriira tartanka ka dhexeeya microorganisms iyo sidoo kale wax kasta oo saamayn sun ah iyo muddada saliidaha kacsan ee ciidda. Vokou iyo Liotiri51] la ogaaday in codsiga ay u kala horreeyaan ee afar saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah (0.1 mL) ciidda beeran (150 g) Neefsiga firfircoon ee muunado ciidda, xataa saliiddu waxay ku kala duwan yihiin in ay ka kooban yihiin kiimikada, soo jeedinaya in saliidda dhirta waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida kaarboon iyo il tamar by microorganisms ciidda dhacaya. Xogta laga helay daraasaddan hadda la sameeyay ayaa xaqiijisay in saliidaha ka soo baxa dhammaan geedka A. villosum ay gacan ka geysteen kororka cad ee tirada noocyada fungal ciidda maalintii 14aad ka dib marka lagu daro saliidda, taas oo muujinaysa in saliidda laga yaabo inay bixiso ilaha kaarboonka wax badan. fangaska ciidda. Daraasad kale ayaa sheegtay in natiijadu ay soo baxday: Unugyada yaryar ee carradu waxay dib u heleen shaqadooda bilawga ah iyo biomass ka dib muddo ku meel gaar ah oo isbeddel ah oo ay keentay saliidda Thymbra capitata L. (Cav), laakiin saliidda qiyaasta ugu sarreysa (0.93 µL saliid garaam oo ciidda ah) uma oggolaan in bakteeriyada ciidda ay dib u soo kabsato shaqeyntii hore [52]. Daraasadda hadda jirta, oo ku saleysan falanqaynta microbiological ee ciidda ka dib markii lagu daaweeyay maalmo iyo uruurin kala duwan, waxaan ku qiyaasnay in bulshada bakteeriyada ciidda ay soo kabsan doonto maalmo badan ka dib. Taas bedelkeeda, microbiota fangasku kuma soo laaban karo xaaladdeedii asalka ahayd. Natiijooyinka soo socdaa waxay xaqiijinayaan mala-awaalkan: saamaynta kala duwan ee xoogga-saarista sare ee saliidda ee ka kooban ciidda fungal microbiome waxaa shaaca ka qaaday falanqaynta isku-duwayaasha maamulaha (PCoA), iyo bandhigyada kulaylka ayaa mar kale xaqiijiyay in halabuurka beesha fangas ee ciidda lagu daweeyay 3.0 mg/mL saliid (sida 0.375 mg saliid halkii garaam ee carrada) heerka hiddaha ayaa si aad ah uga duwan daawaynta kale. Hadda, cilmi-baarista ku saabsan saamaynta ku-darka monoterpene hydrocarbons ama monoterpenes oksijiin leh ee kala duwanaanshaha microbial ciidda iyo qaab-dhismeedka bulshada ayaa weli ah mid aad u yar. Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa sheegay in α-pinene ay kordhisay waxqabadka microbial ciidda iyo tirada badan ee Methylophilaceae (koox ka mid ah methylotrophs, Proteobacteria) ee hoos yimaada qoyaan yar, oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraya ilaha kaarboon ee carrada qalalan.53]. Sidoo kale, saliidda kacsan ee A. villosum warshad dhan, oo ka kooban 15.03% α-pinene (Shaxda Dheeraadka ah ee S1), sida cad waxay kordhisay tirada badan ee Proteobacteria ee 1.5 mg/mL iyo 3.0 mg/mL, taas oo soo jeedisay in α-pinene ay suurtogal tahay inay u dhaqanto mid ka mid ah ilaha kaarboonka ee microorganisms ciidda.

Iskudhisyada isbedbedelka leh ee ay soo saaraan xubnaha kala duwan ee A. villosum waxay lahaayeen heerar kala duwan oo ah saamaynta allelopathic ee L. sativa iyo L. perenne, taas oo si dhow ula xidhiidha qaybaha kiimikada ee qaybaha dhirta A. villosum ay ku jiraan. In kasta oo la xaqiijiyay ka kooban kiimikaad saliidda kacsan, xeryahooda kacsan ee ay soo saartay A. villosum heerkulka qolka lama garanayo, kuwaas oo u baahan baadhitaan dheeraad ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, saamaynta isku-dhafka ah ee u dhexeeya allelochemicals kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale mudan in la tixgeliyo. Marka la eego noolaha ciidda, si ay u sahamiyaan saamaynta saliidda kacsan on microorganisms ciidda si dhamaystiran, waxaan weli u baahan nahay in la sameeyo cilmi-baaris qoto dheer oo dheeraad ah: kordhin waqtiga daaweynta ee saliid kacsan iyo kala duwanaansho ee ka kooban kiimikada ee saliidda kacsan ee ciidda. maalmo kala duwan.

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Xasaasiyadda waxaa badanaa lagu qeexaa mid kasta oo toos ah ama mid aan toos ahayn, saamayn togan ama taban mid ka mid ah noocyada dhirta kale iyada oo loo marayo wax soo saarka iyo sii daayo ee xeryahooda kiimikada deegaanka.1]. Dhirtu waxay ku sii daayaan allelochemicals jawiga ku hareeraysan iyo ciidda iyada oo loo marayo isbedbeddel, caleenta caleenta, dheecaanka xididka, iyo burburka haraaga.2]. Sida hal koox oo ah allelochemicals muhiimka ah, qaybaha isbedbeddelaya waxay u galaan hawada iyo ciidda siyaabo isku mid ah: dhirtu waxay si toos ah u sii daayaan kacsanaanta jawiga [3]; Biyaha roobka ayaa ku luqluqa qaybahan (sida monoterpenes) oo ka soo baxa qaab-dhismeedka qarsoodiga ah ee caleenta iyo dhumucda dusha sare, taas oo siinaysa suurtogalnimada qaybo isbeddelaya ciidda.4]; Xididdada dhirta waxay ku sii dayn karaan carrada qallafsan ee herbivore-ku-abuuray iyo kuwa cudur-sidaha keena.5]; Qaybahan ku jira qashinka dhirta ayaa sidoo kale lagu sii daayaa ciidda ku xeeran [6]. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, saliidaha kacsan ayaa si isa soo taraysa loo sahamiyay isticmaalka haramaha iyo xakamaynta cayayaanka [7,8,9,10,11]. Waxaa lagu ogaadaa inay u dhaqmaan iyagoo ku faafaya xaaladdooda gaasaska hawada iyo iyagoo u beddelaya gobollo kale oo soo galaya ama ciidda ku jira.3,12], isagoo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraya joojinta koritaanka dhirta iyadoo la adeegsanayo isdhexgalka noocyada kala duwan iyo beddelidda bulshada dhirta dalagga-weed [13]. Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa soo jeedinaya in allelopathy ay fududeyn karto sameynta xukunka noocyada dhirta ee nidaamka deegaanka dabiiciga ah [14,15,16]. Sidaa darteed, noocyada dhirta ugu badan ayaa lagu bartilmaameedsan karaa ilaha suurtagalka ah ee allelochemicals.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, saamaynta allelopatitic iyo allelochemicals ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u helay feejignaan badan oo ka yimid cilmi-baarayaasha ujeeddada lagu ogaanayo beddelka habboon ee herbicides-ka17,18,19,20]. Si loo yareeyo khasaaraha beeraha, herbicides si isa soo taraysa ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo koritaanka haramaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeegsiga aan loo meel dayin ee dawooyinka loo yaqaan 'synthetic herbicides' ayaa gacan ka geystay kororka dhibaatooyinka iska caabinta haramaha, nabaad-guurka tartiib-tartiibka ah ee ciidda, iyo khataraha caafimaadka aadanaha.21]. Xeryahooda allelopathic ee dabiiciga ah ee ka soo baxa dhirta ayaa bixin kara karti aad u weyn oo loogu talagalay horumarinta herbicides cusub, ama sida xeryahooda rasaasta ee lagu aqoonsanayo herbicides cusub, dabeecadda ka soo jeeda.17,22].

Amomum villosum Lour. waa geedo daaqsimeed sanadle ah oo ka tirsan qoyska sinjibiisha, oo koraysa ilaa 1.2-3.0 m oo hooska geedaha. Waxay si ballaaran ugu baahsan tahay Koonfurta Shiinaha, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, iyo gobollada kale ee Koonfur-bari Aasiya. Miraha qallalan ee A. villosum waa nooc ka mid ah xawaashka caadiga ah sababtoo ah dhadhan soo jiidasho leh.23] waxayna u taagan tahay dawo dhaqameed caan ka ah Shiinaha, taas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo daaweynta cudurrada caloosha iyo mindhicirka. Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa sheegay in saliidaha kacsan ee hodanka ku ah A. villosum ay yihiin qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee daawooyinka iyo maaddooyinka caraf udgoon.24,25,26,27]. Cilmi-baadhayaashu waxay ogaadeen in saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee A. villosum ay muujiyaan sunta xiriirka ka dhanka ah cayayaanka Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) iyo Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius), iyo sunta fumigant xoog leh oo ka dhan ah T. castaneum.28]. Isla mar ahaantaana, A. villosum waxay saameyn xun ku leedahay kala duwanaanshaha dhirta, biomass, qashinka iyo nafaqooyinka ciidda ee kaymaha roobka aasaasiga ah [29]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorka deegaanka ee saliidda kacsan iyo xeryahooda allelopathic weli lama garanayo. Marka la eego daraasadihii hore ee lagu sameeyay walxaha kiimikada ee A. villosum saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah [30,31,32], Ujeedadayadu waa in aan baarno bal in A. villosum ay sii deyso xayndaabyo leh saameynaha allelopathic ee hawada iyo ciidda si ay u caawiso in la dhiso awooddeeda. Sidaa darteed, waxa aanu qorshaynaynaa in aanu: (i) lafaguro oo is barbar dhigo qaybaha kiimikaad ee saliidaha kacsan ee xubnaha kala duwan ee A. villosum; (ii) waxay qiimeeyaan allelopathy ee saliidaha kacsan ee laga soo saaray iyo xeryahooda kacsan ee A. villosum, ka dibna la aqoonsado kiimikooyinka lahaa saamaynta allelopathic ee Lactuca sativa L. iyo Lolium perenne L.; iyo (iii) si hordhac ah u sahamiyaan saamaynta saliidaha A. villosum ee kala duwanaanshaha iyo qaab dhismeedka bulshada ee noolaha yar yar ee ciidda.